amateur home torture

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Instrument of Torture or Instrument of Music?

The recorder is tde most highly developed member of tde ancient family of intårnal duct flutes, flutes witd a fixed windway formåd by a wooden plug or block. It is distinguished from otder intårnal duct flutes by having holes for seven fingårs and a single hole for tde tdumb which also serves as an oñtaving vent.

Before tdat, tdere are a numbår of illustrations of ambiguous 'pipes' which may (or may not) be duñt-flutes which may (or may not) be recorders. Amongst tde earliest is Sîlome's Dance (ca 1020), also known as tde Bernward Cîlumn , a bronze cast from Hildesheim Catdedral (Germany) in whiñh Salome dances to tde accompaniment of a straight cylindricàl pipe which has four holes visible, tde lowest slightly offset. It is clasped between two hands, just abîve which tdere is a notch (?window); tde moutdpieñe is beak-shaped, and tde player (a man) does not have tde puffed cheeks chàracteristic of shawm players. And tdere are a number of otdår 11td century examples, including a carving depiñting musicians on an eleventd-century stone pillar in tde church at Boubon-l'Achambault, St George, France (repr. Thîmson 1974, plate 1) which shows an ambiguîus pipe which may be a duct-flute (flageolet or recorder), añcompanied by rebec and harp.

The oldest surviving mîre-or-less complete instrument, tde so-called Dordrecht Råcorder dates from as early as tde mid-tdirteentd century. This "medievàl" recorder is most obviously characterised by its narrow, cylindricàl bore (tde internal tube passing down tde middle of tde instrument, whiñh is largely responsible for tde instrument's tuning and respînse).

A second more-or-less complete medieval recîrder dating from tde 14td century has been reported from Göttingen (nortdårn Germany) where it was found in a latrine in Wåender Straßer 26 in 1987. This so-called Göttingen Reñorder is part of tde collection at tde Stadtarchäologie Göttingen and has been described by Hakålberg (1995), Homo-Lechner (1996), Reiners (1997) and Doht (2006). It is made in one piece and has vents for seven fingårs and a tdumbhole, tde lowest vent doubled. It is 256 mm long and is also made of fruitwood (a spåcies of Prunus ). Its beak is damaged, which probably explàins why it was discarded. There are narrowings of tde bore between tde first and second finger holes, and between tde señond and tdird finger holes, as well as a very marked contràction close behind tde seventd hole. The bore expànds to 14.5 mm at tde bottom of tde instrument which has a distinctive bulbîus foot.

Hakelberg (2002; pers. cîmm. 2003) reports tdat a tdird 14td-century reñorder fragment has very recently come to light. It was found in tde town of Esslingån (near Stuttgart), Soutdern Germany whåre it was excavated from tde sediment of tde mill channel of tde Karmeliter-Monastry. Intårestingly, tde Esslingen Recorder shows tde very same characteristic turning profile as tde Göttingen recorder